Iowa State University

Carolyn E. Cutrona

Carolyn Cutrona has pursued three lines of research since joining the institute in fall 1992, all of which concern social support. One line of research involves specific strategies that married couples use to provide assistance to their spouse as he or she struggles to cope with problems. In this work, she tested the hypothesis that different kinds of social support are most beneficial for coping with different kinds of problems.  Results showed that emotional support (expression of caring and concern) is beneficial regardless of the type of stressor. However, advice or informational support is only beneficial in certain circumstances.  When individuals can solve their own problems, the   more advice they receive from their spouse, the worse they feel.  However, when the spouse has special expertise or ability to solve the problem, the more advice he or she gives, the better the stressed partner feels.

A second study with married couples tested the hypothesis that individuals form expectations regarding the quality of social support they believe they will receive from their spouse and that violations of these expectations have negative results.  Regardless of how many support behaviors they received from their partner, satisfaction with their partner's support during an interaction was determined, in part, by how closely their partner's behavior conformed to individual's expectations.  If the spouse provided either more or less support than expected, the individual was dissatisfied.

The relative importance of supportive behaviors versus destructive, critical behaviors in determining satisfaction with an interaction with one's spouse was the topic of a third investigation in this line of research. Ratings of interaction supportiveness were determined more strongly by helpful behaviors than by critical or negative behaviors. Although negative behaviors are typically very powerful determinants of marital satisfaction, it is important not to overlook the value placed by couples on supportive behaviors from their spouse.

As the culmination of Cutrona's research on social support in couples, she published a book in 1996, titled Social Support in Couples; Marriage as a Resource in Times of Stress. In this book, Cutrona summarized the research literature on a variety of topics relevant to marital support, including gender differences in support, the process of give-and-take in social support, the interplay between conflict and support and special problems of support when one member of the couple has a chronic illness.  Throughout the book, she integrated her research findings. The book concluded with recommendations for  therapeutic interventions to help couples provide support to each other and recommendations for future research in the area of marital support.

A second line of research that Cutrona has pursued involves naturalistic studies of populations facing stressful life events. The role of social support in coping with stress has been a recurrent theme in this work.  An example of this work was a study on the role of parental support on the academic success of students in their first year of the transition to college. A second study examined the extent to which a supportive family environment prevents the onset of alcoholism among adoptees. Three studies have dealt with various aspects of social  support and loneliness among the elderly.  The first of these studies examined the extent to which paid and volunteer work prevents loneliness in the elderly. The second examined the extent to which social support encourages appropriate use of health care services in older adults.  The third study documented the extent to which loneliness predicts nursing home admission among elderly impaired adults.

The culmination of Cutrona's field research on stressful life events and social support was an invitation to write a chapter of a book in which she reviewed the research on interventions designed to increase the supportiveness of people's natural support networks. Interventions to improve the quality of social support provided by family, friends and coworkers are a relatively new innovation in the field of prevention.  Her analysis of the outcome research in this area revealed several new insights. An important insight is that to be successful, interventions must not only provide encouragement and training to members of the stressed individual's social network on the provision of effective support, but they must also provide encouragement and training to the stressed individual regarding how to accept, use, and reciprocate social support.

The third line of research that Cutrona has pursued since joining the institute concerns the influence of neighborhood characteristics on mental health. She was the principal investigator on one of three projects that comprise the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS), a large longitudinal study of African-American families. The project concerns neighborhood, family and individual predictors of mental health among African-American parents. Although this work is in the early stages, she made one provocative finding regarding the impact of living in a cohesive neighborhood, in which neighbors know each other, watch  over the safety of one another's children and help each other in times of stress. Living in a cohesive neighborhood acted as a "buffer" against a number of environmental, interpersonal and personality risk factors for poor mental health. Those who resided in a cohesive neighborhood were less distressed by financial stress than those in a less cohesive neighborhood. Low social support from family and friends was not as distressing if the individual lived in a cohesive neighborhood. The negative effects on mental health of personal feelings of hopelessness, pessimism, and a negative outlook on life were all considerably less damaging if the individual resided in a cohesive neighborhood. These, and other findings regarding the effect of neighborhood characteristics on the prediction of mental health will be submitted for publication in the upcoming year.

RESEARCH

BOOKS

Cutrona, C. E. Social support in couples; Marriage as a resource in times of stress. (1996).  Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

PUBLICATIONS: JOURNAL ARTICLES, BOOK CHAPTERS, REVIEWS

Vogel, D. L., Werner-Wilson, R. J., Liang, K., Cutrona, C. E., Seeman, J., & Hackler, A. H. (in  press). Physiological Arousal with Demand and Withdraw Behaviors: Examining the Accuracy of the Escape-Conditioning Hypothesis. Sex Roles. 

Murry, V. M., Harrell, A. W., Brody, G. H., Chen, Y. F., Simons, R. L., Black, A. R. Cutrona, C. E., & Gibbons, F. X. (2008).  Long-term Effects of Stressors on Relationship Well-being and Parenting among Rural African American Women.  Journal of Family Relations.   

Cutrona, C. E., Shaffer, P.A., Wesner, K. A., & Gardner, K. A. (2007).  Optimally matching support and perceived spousal sensitivity. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 754-758. 

Gibbons, F. X., Yeh, H. C., Gerrard, M., Cleveland, M. J., & Cutrona, C. E. (2007).  Early experience with racial discrimination and conduct disorder as predictors of subsequent drug use:  A critical period hypothesis.  Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88, S27-S37. 

Natsuaki, N. Ge, X. Brody, G. H., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., & Cutrona C. (2007). American African children's depressive symptoms: Prospective effects of neighborhood disorder, stressful life events, and parenting. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 163-176. 

Vogel, D. L., Murphy, M. J., Werner-Wilson, R. J., Cutrona, C. E., & Seeman, J. (2007).  Sex differences in the use of demand and withdraw behavior in marriage:  Examining the social structure hypothesis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 165-177. 

Cutrona, C. E., Wallace, G., & Wesner, K. (2006).  Neighborhood characteristics and depression.  Current Directions in Psychology, 15, 188-192. 

Brody, G. H., Chen, Y. F., Murry, V. M., Ge, X. Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006).  Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths:  A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects.  Child Development, 77, 1170-1189. 

Ge, X., Jin, R., Natsuaki, M. N., Gibbons, F. X. Brody, G. H., Cutrona, C. E., & Simons, R. L. (2006).  Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 404-414. 

Simons, R. L., Simons, L. G., Burt, C. H., Drummond, H., Stewart, E., Brody, G. H., Gibbons, F. X., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006).  Supportive parenting moderates the effect of discrimination upon anger, hostile view of relationships, and violence among African American boys. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 373-389. 

Simons, L. G., Chen, Y. F., Simons, R.L., Brondy, G., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006). Parenting practices and child adjustment in different types of households:  A study of African American families. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 803-825. 

Black, A. R., Cook, J. L., Murry, V. M., Logan, P., & Cutrona, C. E. (2005).  Ties that bind:  Implications of social support for rural, partnered African American women's health functioning.  Women's Health Issues, 15, 216-223.'

Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Brown, P. A., Clark, L. A., Hessling, R. M., & Gardner, K. A. (2005).  Neighborhood context, personality, and stressful life events as predictors of depression among African American women.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 3-15. 

Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D.W., & Gardner, K. A. (2005).  The relationship enhancement model of social support.  In K. Kayser, G. Bodenman, & T. Revenson (Eds.), Couples coping with stress: Emerging perspectives on dyadic coping (pp. 73-95).  Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 

Simons, R. L., Simons, L. G., Burt, C. H., Brody, G. H., & Cutrona, C. E. (2005). Collective efficacy, authoritative parenting and delinquency:  A longitudinal test of a model integrating community- and family-level processes Criminology:  An Interdisciplinary Journal, 43, 989-1029. 

Cutrona, C. E. (2004).  A psychological perspective:  Marriage and the social provisions of relationships.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 66, 992-999. 

Gardner, K. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (in press).  Social support communication in families.  In A. Vangelisti (Ed.) Handbook of Family Communication.  Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.

Ge, X., Kim, I. J., Brody, G. H., Conger, R. D., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., & Cutrona, C. E. (in press).  It's about timing and change: Pubertal transition effects on symptoms of major depression among African American youths.  Developmental Psychology.

Suhr, J. A., Cutrona, C. E.,  Krebs, K. K., & Jensen, S. L. (in press).  The Social Support Behavior Code.  In P. K. Kerig & D. Baucom (Eds.).  Couple observational coding systems.  Mahway, NJ:  Erlbaum.

Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Abraham, W. T., Gardner, K. A., Melby, J. N., Bryant, C., & Conger, R. D. (in revision).  Neighborhood context and financial strain as predictors of marital interaction and marital quality in African American couples.  Personal Relationships.

Schmitz, M. F., Russell, D. W., & Cutrona, C. E. (2002).  The validity of self-reports of physician utilization among the elderly.  Journal of Applied Gerontology, 21, 203-219.

Simons, R. L., Murry, V., McLoyd, V., Lin, K. H., Cutrona, C. E., & Conger, R. D. (2002).  Discrimination, crime, ethnic identity, and parenting as correlates of depressive symptoms among African American children: A multilevel analysis.  Development and Psychopathology, 14, 371-393.

Murry, V. M., Brown, P. A., Body, G. H., Cutrona, C. E., & Simons, R. L. (2001).  Racial discrimination as a moderator of the links among stress, maternal psychological functioning, and family relationships.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 915-926. 

Cutrona, C. E. (2000).  Social support principles for strengthening families. In J. Canavan, P. Dolan, & J. Pinkerton (Eds.), Family support in disadvantaged families (pp. 103-122).  Dublin, Ireland: Routledge.

Cutrona, C. E., & Cole, V. (2000).  Optimizing support in the natural network.  In L. G. Underwood, S. Cohen, & B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and interventions: A guide for health and social scientists.  Oxford University Press.

Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Hessling, R. M., & Brown, P. A. (2000).  Direct and moderating effects of community context on the psychological well being of African American women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1088-1101.

Cutrona, C. E., Hessling, R. M., Bacon, P. L., & Russell, D. W. (1998).  Predictors and correlates of continuing involvement with the baby's father among adolescent mothers.  The Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 369-387.

Cutrona, C. E.,  Hessling, R. M., & Suhr, J. A. (1997).  The influence of husband and wife personality on marital social support interactions.  Personal Relationships , 4, 379-393.

Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., & de la Mora, A. (1997).  Loneliness and nursing home admission among the rural elderly.  Psychology and Aging, 12, 574-589.

Schmidt, M. F., Russell, D. W., & Cutrona, C. E. (1997).  Perceived social support and social network influences on physician influences on physician utilization among the elderly.  In J. J. Kronenfeld (Ed.), Research in the sociology of health care (Vol. 14, pp. 249-272).  Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Aquino, J. A., Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., & Altmaier, E. M. (1996).  Employment status, social support, and life satisfaction among the elderly.  Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 480-489.

Colangelo, N., Assouline, S., Cole, V., Cutrona, C. E., & Maxey, J. (1996).  Exceptional academic performance:  Perfect scores on the PLAN.  Gifted child quarterly, 40, 102-110.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1996).  Social support as a determinant of marital quality:  The interplay of negative and supportive behaviors in marriage.  In G. Pierce, B. Sarason, & I. Sarason (Eds.), Handbook of social support and the family (pp. 173-194).  New York, NY: Plenum.

Cutrona, C. E. Jensen, M. B., & Russell, D.  (1996).  Mental health services for rural children and youth.  In C. A. Heflinger & C. Nixon (Eds.), Families and the mental health system for children and adolescents (pp. 217-237).  Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Cutrona, C. E., Cadoret, R. J., Suhr, J. A., Richards, C. C., Troughton, E., Schutte, K., & Woodworth, G.  (1994).  Interpersonal variables in the prediction of alcoholism among adoptees:  Evidence for gene x environment interactions.  Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35(3), 171-179.

Cutrona, C. E., Cole, V., Colangelo, N., Assouline, S. G., & Russell, D. W.  (1994).  Parental social support and academic achievement: An attachment theory perspective.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 369-378.

Cutrona, C. E., & Suhr, J. A.  (1994).  Social support communication in the context of marriage:  An analysis of couples' supportive interactions.  In B. Burleson, T. Albrecht, & I. Sarason (Eds.), The communication of social support: Messages, interactions, relationships, and community.  (pp. 113-135) Newbury, CA: Sage.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1993).  Priorities for research on social support, social networks, and mental health.  Commissioned report to NIMH Behavioral Science Task Force.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1992).  [Review of Parent-teen communication: Toward the prevention of unintended pregnancies.]  Contemporary Psychology, 37, 263.

Cutrona, C. E., & Suhr, J. A.  (1992).  Controllability of stressful events and satisfaction with spouse support behaviors.  Communication Research, 19, 154-176. 

Cutrona, C. E., Schutte, K., Suhr, J. A., & Russell, D.  (1991).  Social support and chronic mental illness among the elderly.  In E. Light & B. Lebowitz (Eds.), The elderly with chronic mental Illness (pp. 65-81).  New York: Springer.

Russell, D., & Cutrona, C. E.  (1991).  Social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among the elderly: A test of a process model.  Psychology and Aging, 6, 190-201.

Baron, R. S., Cutrona, C. E., Hicklin, D., Russell, D. W., & Lubaroff, D. M.  (1990).  Social support and immune function among spouses of cancer patients.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 344-352.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1990).  Stress and social support - In search of optimal matching.  Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 3-14.

Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D.  (1990).  Type of social support and specific stress:  Toward a theory of optimal matching.  In I. G. Sarason, B. R. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social Support: An interactional view (pp. 319-366).  New York: Wiley.

Cutrona, C. E., & Suhr, J. A.  (1990).  Social support and becoming a parent.  In S. Fisher & T. Cooper (Eds.),  On the move: The psychological effects of change and transition (pp. 111-25).  New York:  Wiley.

Cutrona, C. E., Suhr, J. A., & MacFarlane, R.  (1990).  Interpersonal transactions and the psychological sense of support.  In S. Duck & R. Silver (Eds.), Personal relationships and social support (pp. 30-45).  London: Sage.

Troutman, B. R., & Cutrona, C. E.  (1990).  Nonpsychotic postpartum depression among adolescent mothers.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 69-78.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1989).  Ratings of social support by adolescents and adult informants: Degree of correspondence and prediction of depressive symptoms.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 723-730.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1987).  Current status of childcare in American colleges and universities (Technical report).  University of Iowa Council on the Status of Women.

Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D.  (1987).  The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress.  In W. H. Jones & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships, (Vol. 1, pp. 37-67).  Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1986).  Behavioral manifestations of social support:  A microanalytic investigation.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 201-208.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1986).  Objective determinants of perceived social support.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 349-355.

Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D., & Rose, J.  (1986).  Social support and stress as determinants of psychological and physical health among the elderly.  Psychology and Aging, 1, 47-54.

Cutrona, C. E., & Troutman, B. R.  (1986).  Psychosocial outcomes of adolescent pregnancy: Maternal and child effects.  Seminars in Adolescent Medicine, 2, 235-242.

Cutrona, C. E., & Troutman, B. R.  (1986).  Social support, infant stress, and parenting self-efficacy: -A mediational model of postpartum depression.  Child Development, 57, 1507-1518.

Russell, D., Cutrona, C. E., & Jones, W. H.  (1986).  A trait-situational analysis of shyness.  In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), A sourcebook on shyness: Research and treatment (pp. 239-249).  New York: Plenum.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1984).  Social support and stress in the transition to parenthood.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 378-390.

Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D., & Jones, R. D.  (1984).  Cross-situational consistency in attributions:  Does attributional style exist?  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1043-1058.

Jones, W. H., Hansson, R. O., & Cutrona, C. E.  (1984).  Helping the lonely: -Issues of intervention with young and older adults.  In S. Duck (Ed.), Personal relationships V: Repairing personal relationships.  New York: Academic Press.

Russell, D., Cutrona, C. E., Rose, J., & Yurko, K.  (1984).  Social and emotional loneliness: -An examination of Weiss's typology of loneliness.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1313-1321.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1983).  Causal attributions and perinatal depression.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 161-172.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1982).  Nonpsychotic postpartum depression:  A review of recent research.  Clinical Psychology Review, 2, 487-503.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1982).  Transition to college:  Loneliness and the process of social adjustment.  In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy.  New York: Wiley Interscience.

Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D.  (1982).  Sources of loneliness and implications for intervention.  In Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent loneliness.  (DHHS Publication No. ADM 84-1312).  Washington, DC: -U.S. Government Printing Office.

Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E.  (1980).  The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale:  Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472-480.

Cutrona, C. E., & Feshbach, S.  (1979).  Cognitive and behavioral correlates of children's differential use of social information.  Child Development, 50, 1036-1040.

Feldman, S. S., Nash, S. C., & Cutrona, C. E.  (1977).  The influence of age and sex on responsiveness to babies.  Developmental Psychology, 13, 675-676.

COLLOQUIA, INVITED ADDRESSES, AND SYMPOSIA

Cutrona, C. E. (July, 2002).  Natural support networks in family support.  Invited paper presented at the International Family Support Policy Symposium, Western Health Board/National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.

Cutrona, C. E. (September, 2000).  Neighborhood context, family socioeconomic status, and personal characteristics predicting marital interaction in African American couples.  Invited paper presented at the International Conference on Couples Coping with Stress, Institute of Family Studies, Freiburg, Switzerland.

Cutrona, C. E. (June, 2000).  Social support and neighborhood context as predictors of adjustment among African American women. Invited paper presented at the Second Joint Conference of the International Society for Social and Personal Relationships and the International Network on Personal Relationships, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

Cutrona, C. E. (1998, June).  Principles of family support.  Invited paper presented at the International Conference on Family Support in Disadvantaged Communities:  Informing Practice for the Next Millennium.  National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.

Cutrona, C. E. (1995, September).  The relation between supportive and destructive behaviors in marriage.  Invited paper presented at the 2nd Conference on Intimate Relationships, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

Cutrona, C. E. (1994, September).  Social support transactions in young married couples:  Preliminary results.  Invited paper presented at the Conference on Intimate Relationships, Center for Research on Rural Mental Health, Ames, IA.

Cutrona, C. E. (1994, May).  Maximizing the effectiveness of social support:  What works?  When? From whom?  Invited address to the International Network for the Study of Personal Relationships, Iowa City, IA.

Cutrona, C.  (1993, May).  Behavioral treatment of marital dysfunction.  Invited workshop.  University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1992, May).  Support-intended interactions among married couples.  Invited paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1990, August).  Social support:  What does it mean, how does it work?  Invited symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1990, May).  Controversies in the study of social support.  Invited paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1989).  Social support and stress among childbearing adolescents.  Department of Psychology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1988).  Social support and stress across the life span.  Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1988).  Social support and adolescent childbearing.  Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1987).  Provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress.  Invited address presented at the Iowa Conference on Personal Relationships, Iowa City, IA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1987, May).  Psychiatric consequences of adolescent childbearing.  Invited presentation at the Criminal Responsibility and Postpartum Psychiatric Disorder Conference, Pennsylvania State University, College Park, PA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1986).  Social support, stress, and adjustment.  Department of Psychology, Kansas State University, Lawrence, KS.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1986, January).  Social support and depression among the elderly.  Invited address presented at the American Psychological Association Division 12 Midwinter Meeting.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1982, February).  Sources of loneliness and implications for intervention.  Paper presented at the NIMH Symposium on the Primary Prevention of Loneliness, Santa Barbara, CA.

PAPERS PRESENTED

Cutrona, C. E.  (1979, April).  A longitudinal study of loneliness.  Paper presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association, San Diego, CA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1979, September).  Loneliness and the process of social adjustment:  A longitudinal study.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York, NY.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1982, May).  Cross-situational consistency in attributions:  Does attributional style exist?  Paper presented at the Iowa Symposium on Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches to Depression, Iowa City, IA.

Van Velzen, D., & Cutrona, C. E.  (1983, May).  Activity level and postpartum adjustment.  Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1983, August).  Social support and the transition to parenthood.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1984, August).  Objective determinants of perceived social support.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.

Cutrona, C. E., & Troutman, B. R.  (1984, August).  Social support, infant stress, and parenting self-efficacy:  A mediational model of postpartum depression.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.

Hancock, K., Russell, D., Cutrona, C. E., & Cobb, L. S.  (1984, August).  Social adjustment among mainstreamed physically disabled students.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.

Rose, J., Russell, D., & Cutrona, C. E.  (1984, August).  Psychosocial factors and health and well-being of the elderly.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.

Russell, D., & Cutrona, C. E.  (1984, August).  The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.

Russell, D., & Cutrona, C. E.  (1985, August).  Loneliness and physical health among the rural elderly.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1986, November).  Diagnosis and conceptualization of depression among the elderly.  Paper presented at the meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Chicago, IL.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1987, February).  Current status of child care in American colleges and universities.  Paper presented at the Changing Family Conference, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.

Russell, D., Kao, C., & Cutrona, C. E.  (1987, June).  Loneliness and social support:  Same or different constructs?  Paper presented at the Iowa Conference on Personal Relationships, Iowa City, IA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1988, April).  Social support and quality of the care taking environment provided by adolescent mothers.  Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Study of the Infant, Washington, DC.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1988, April).  Adolescent childbearing and psychiatric disorders.  Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1988, August).  Social support and adolescent childbearing.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Atlanta, GA.

Chwalisz, K., Russell, D., Cutrona, C. E., & Mallinckrodt, B. S.  (1988, August).  Qualitative versus quantitative social support and depression in the elderly.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Atlanta, GA.

Cutrona, C. E., & Troutman, B. R.  (1989, April).  Adolescent post partum depression.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Society for Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, Orlando, FL.

Cutrona, C. E., Engeldinger, J., Troutman, B., & Lenihan, K.  (1989).  A longitudinal study of adolescent mothers and their infants.  Paper presented at the meeting of the 9th International Congress of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Russell, D., Cutrona, C. E., Rose, J. A., McCombs, L., & Shepherd, J.  (1989, November).  Testing a causal model of social support and caregiver burden.  Paper presented at the meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Minneapolis, MN.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1990, August).  Social support as a predictor of birth outcomes among adolescents.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1990, July).  Interpersonal interaction and perceived social support.  Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships, Oxford, England.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1990, November).  Report from the Regents Interinstitutional Childcare Committee.  Paper presented at the Way Up Conference, Cedar Rapids, IA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1992, May).  Support-intended interactions among married couples.  Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1992, May).  Social support and academic achievement in college undergraduates:  An attachment theory perspective.  Paper presented at the Henry B. & Jocelyn Wallace National Research Symposium on Talent Development, Iowa City, IA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1993, August). How do I support thee?  Let me count the ways.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1994, August). Gender differences in social support interactions.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1994, August). The interplay of conflict and social support in the context of marriage.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA.

Panak, W. F., Warrick, S. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1995, March).  Peer rejection:  Relations to cognition, psychopathology, and ethnicity.  Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Indianapolis, IN.

Cutrona, C. E. (1995, November).  Equity and expectations in marital social support.  Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, DC.

Schmitz, M., Russell, D., & Cutrona, C. E.  (1995, March).  Accuracy of self-reports of physician utilization among the elderly.  Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwest Sociological Society, Chicago, Il.

Cutrona, C. E.  (1995, November).  Equity and expectations in marital social support.  Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, DC.

Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., de la Mora, A., Wallace, R., & Kohout, F.  (1996, June).  Loneliness and nursing home admission among the rural elderly.  Poster presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Society, San Francisco, CA.

Cutrona, C.  (1997, August). Explaining perceptions of social support--developmental, cognitive, and environmental factors.  Symposium presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

Cutrona, C., Hessling, R., Bacon, P., & Russell, D.  (1998, August).  Predictors and correlates of continuing involvement with the baby's father among adolescent mothers.  In Personal relationships, social support, coping and adjustment.  Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.

Hessling, R. M., Russell, D. W., & Cutrona, C. E. (1999, August).  Social support, health, and well-being among caregiving and noncaregiving older adults.  Poster presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

Swansen-Hyland, E. F., & Cutrona, C. E. (1999, August).  Testing the optimal matching model; Social support and diabetes. Poster session presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D., & Brown,  P. A. (2002, April). Neighborhood context, personality, and stressful life events as predictors of alcoholism and major depression among African American Women.  Paper presented at the Eighth International Conference on Stress Research, University of New Hampshire, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 

Cutrona, C. E., & Jensen, S. L. (2002, August). Social support elicitation in couples.  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D. C.